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It appears in Modern French in the word genre (type, kind, also genre sexuel) and is related to the Greek root gen- (to produce), appearing in gene, genesis, and oxygen. They derive ultimately from a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) root * ǵénh₁- 'to beget', which is also the source of kin, kind, king, and many other English words, with cognates widely attested in many Indo-European languages. Both words mean "kind", "type", or "sort". The modern English word gender comes from the Middle English gender, gendre, a loanword from Anglo-Norman and Middle French gendre. 2.5 Social construction of sex hypotheses.2.1 Social assignment and gender fluidity.This framework first appeared in a feminist paper on transsexualism in 1978. In some English literature, there is also a trichotomy between biological sex, psychological gender, and social gender role. The social sciences sometimes approach gender as a social construct, and gender studies particularly do, while research in the natural sciences investigates whether biological differences in females and males influence the development of gender in humans both inform the debate about how far biological differences influence the formation of gender identity and gendered behavior. Other sciences, such as sexology and neuroscience, are also interested in the subject. The social sciences have a branch devoted to gender studies. Later, in 2011, the FDA reversed its position and began using sex as the biological classification and gender as "a person's self-representation as male or female, or how that person is responded to by social institutions based on the individual's gender presentation." In 1993, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) started to use gender instead of sex. This change in the meaning of gender can be traced to the 1980s. For instance, in non-human animal research, gender is commonly used to refer to the biological sex of the animals. In other contexts, the term gender is used to replace sex without representing a clear conceptual difference. Most contemporary social scientists, behavioral scientists and biologists, many legal systems and government bodies, and intergovernmental agencies such as the WHO, make a distinction between gender and sex. However, Money's meaning of the word did not become widespread until the 1970s, when feminist theory embraced the concept of a distinction between biological sex and the social construct of gender. īefore Money's work, it was uncommon to use the word gender to refer to anything but grammatical categories. Sexologist John Money is often regarded as the first to introduce a terminological distinction between biological sex and "gender role" (which, as originally defined, includes the concepts of both gender role and what would later become known as gender identity) in 1955 although Madison Bentley had already in 1945 defined gender as the "socialized obverse of sex", and Simone de Beauvoir's 1949 book The Second Sex has been interpreted as the beginning of the distinction between sex and gender in feminist theory. Most scholars agree that gender is a central characteristic for social organization. Some societies have specific genders besides "man" and "woman", such as the hijras of South Asia these are often referred to as third genders (and fourth genders, etc.). Most cultures use a gender binary, having two genders ( boys/ men and girls/ women) those who exist outside these groups may fall under the umbrella term non-binary. Depending on the context, this may include sex-based social structures (i.e. Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to femininity and masculinity and differentiating between them. The blue (right) represents the male Mars symbol. The red (left) is the female Venus symbol.